Lawrence Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development Essay -- Lawrence Kohl

Lawrence Kohlbergs Stages of Moral DevelopmentLawrence Kohlberg laid the groundwork for the current reason within psychology on moral development. He proposed that children form ways of thinking through their experiences which include understandings of moral concepts such as justice, rights, equality and tender-hearted welfare. Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment beyond the ages. He determined that the process of attaining moral maturity took longer and was more gradual than other studies have shown. Kohlberg identify six stages of moral grouped into three major levels. Each level represented a fundamental shift in the social-moral perspective of the individual. At the premier(prenominal) level, the preconventional level, a persons moral judgments are characterized by a individual perspective. Within this level, a Stage 1 they focused on avoiding breaking rules that are O.K. by punishment, obedience for its own sake and avoiding the physical consequences of an ac tion to persons and property. At Stage 2 there is the early emergence of moral reciprocity. The Stage 2 focused on the value of an action. Reciprocity is of the form, you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours. The Golden Rule becomes, If some mavin hits you, you hit them back. At Stage 2 one follows the rules only when it is to someones immediate interests. What is right is whats fair in the sense of an equal exchange, a deal, an agreement. At Stage 2 there is an understanding that everybody has his own ...

Causes of the Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

England was the first rustic to experience the advantages and disadvantages of the Industrial renewal, as it was the very first province in which the correctt happened, primarily because England was such a good source of coal and iron, arguably the most important resources needed by a country during the Industrial Revolution. Although England also experienced the Industrial Revolution because England was bountiful in lead, copper, tin, limestone and fast water supplies, overall, England was probably the most ideal pop for the Industrial Revolution to be staged in the first place.A major cause for the Industrial Revolution was the enormous spurt of population growth in England. along side the fast growth in population, medical systems had also improved, thus there was a reduction in the number of epidemics that spread resulting in slight of a death toll through lack of medical knowledge. From this, the percentage of children who lived through childhood also began to increase, th us the future workforce would be even large than previously. The increase in population meant that there were more people in surplus from agricultural jobs and they had to find work in industrial factories, which was the pedestal of the Industrial Revolution.One of the darker causes for the Industrial Revolution was the slave trade with overseas colonies at the time. For many merchants who saw the easy money to be made from the voyages, the merchants became extremely rich and as it is in human nature these rich merchants wanted to become even more rich, the seemingly best way to do this was to deck wage from the slave trade into the new factories that were arising, this is called Commercial Revolution. Britain was one of the few countries that was able to bring in profits from other countries and keep profits in their country, aiding them into being the first country to Revolutionise Industrially. The new invention of steam power was one of the great motives for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, steam was employ to power many of the machines, thus with the invention of steam power, the Industrial Revolution was powered onwards. The duo of inventors, Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen were both based in Britain, thus, this was the place where the inventions were first used giving Britain the time advantage over other countries.

Analysis of Ophelia from Hamlet Essay -- Hamlet William Shakespeare Op

Analysis of Ophelia from critical pointOphelia is gentle, loving and beautiful. She is also obedient to her father and loyal to her family and it is this which draws her into the circle of disaster and leads to her untimely death. She is deeply in rage with village and believes his tenders to be sincere, but her obedience to both her father and her brother must come first. Laertes tells her to beware of Hamlets interest as it is driven by lust, non love. He also points out the difference in their background and rightly concludes that Hamlet is not in a position, as heir to the throne to rent freely who he will marry. Polonius is also scornful of Hamlets motives and concerned that he will be discredited by Ophelias conduct. His command to her not to see Hamlet again is brutal, as is his decision to use her as a decoy to sound out the reason for Hamlets eccentric behaviour. The fact that she obeys would be quite apprehensible to Shakespeares audience, if not to a present day one, since filial obedience was a fundamental part of the life of the time. Note also how differently Laertes is treated by his father, compared to the lack of regard shown to Ophelia by Polonius. Women had little status, and Ophelias wishes are not considered at any time. Torn apart as she is by divided loyalty it is no wonder that the strain on her eventually leads to her lyssa and subsequent death. That she loves Hamlet is without question. She is distraught when she observes his behaviour before the nunnery scene, and after his savage rejection of her in that scene she laments his magisterial mind..here oerthrown She also grieves for herself, Oh woe is me, thave seen what I have seen, see what I see. She is sophisticated enough to understand the ways of the world, too, as we see in her dialogue with Hamlet before the mousetrap play, when she obviously understands the meaning of his bawdy remarks, and also in her quick understanding of her brothers likely conduct when he is away at school. Her madness is triggered by loss of her father, move outed by Hamlet, whom she also believes to be mad. The pathos of the mad scene is emphasised by the language of loss in virtually of the songs she sings and the overt sexuality of others. In fact the sentiments of Ophelia for Hamlet in the nunnery scene, are, ironically applicable to herself later in the play. Her story paralle... ... Claudius uses these lines to lead Laertes into a plan to turn thumbs down Hamlet, asking him what will he do to prove his love for his father in ActIV, scene vii. Hamlet comes back what would you undertake to show yourself in achievement your fathers son more than in more than words? It can be easily seen how Laertes, influenced by Claudius in the heat of his anger, could conspire to murder Hamlet and it is in this attempt that Laertes loses his own life to the very poison he kills Hamlet with. Once again, a member of Polonius family loses their life as a result of a conflict that they a re oblivious to, making Laertes death a tragedy as well.Contrary to popular belief, the tragedy associated with Hamlet is not about Hamlet or his family. It is, however , about the tragic fate of Polonius family , whose deaths are not the result of any sins they omit but by their be manipulated by Hamlet and Claudius for reasons they are unaware of. Although the death of Polonius family stands out as being the most tragic, many other characters in the story are killed as well. In fact, the death of a character in Hamlet almost becomes commonplace near the end of the play.

Homosexual Couples Essay -- essays papers

Homosexual CouplesArgument EssayWe Can Do It, why Cant They?In the world now there argon different kinds of partners Black, White, Interracial, Straight, Gay, etc. But like many people, in the world, not everyone is accepted. umteen people do not except Homosexuals for the reason that they are different from us. People would say that Homosexuals choose to live a non normal life. But they are people just like us. They feel a heart just like we do, but they choose to put their heart towards their own sex. Society develops fears of quirk do to the belief that it disrupts the family, promotes pedophilia, child slavery, contributes to the moral decline of order of magnitude and is a form of emotional illness (Grigg 85). This homophobia is a phenomenon of American culture (Cornett 140). It is my belief that society should learn to accept homosexuality and homosexual relationships. The September 14, 1992, issue of Newsweek published a poll revealing that most Americans still regard homosexuality as unacceptable (Grigg 80). By the most reliable estimate, Homosexuals account for about two to three percent of the population (Grigg 85). Before European contact most inbred American societies viewed Homosexuals as important members of their communities (Tafoya 86). Significant minorities of men and women, one to five percent, are attracted exclusively to members of their own sex (LeVay and Hamor 121). Many gay people have responded to social pressures against homosexuality by centering, by discovering living according to their own values. An intense quest for identity, purpose and meaning often begins quite early, certainly by the time young homosexuals begin to appreciate the tremendous social pressures... ...am Norman. Society should not tolerate homosexuality. Human Sexuality.Greenhaven Press, Inc. San Diego, CA, 1995Cornett, Carlton. Homosexuality is Normal Sexual sort. Human Sexuality.Greenhaven Press, Inc. San Diego, CA, 1995Tafoya, Terry. Soci ety Should Celebrate all forms of Sexuality. Human Sexuality.Greenhaven Press, Inc. San Diego, CA, 1995LeVay, Simon and Hamer, Dean. Evidence for a Biological Influence in maleHomosexuality. Human Sexuality. Greenhaven Press, Inc. San Diego, CA, 1995Freedman, Mark. Homosexuals channel to Society. Sexual Values. PsychologyToday Magazine. Greenhaven Press Inc. San Diego, CA, 1975.Gold, Ronald. Homosexuals Have the Right to Live Openly. Sexual Values. GayRights is a First Amendment Issue civic Liberties. Greenhaven Press Inc. SanDiego, CA, 1982.

Battle Of The Boys :: essays research papers

Battle Of The BoysShape of my Heart Or Bye, Bye, Bye? Backstreet Boys or NSync? The latest rage is the quintet Boys that make up a boy band. What most teenagers dont consider is what makes each group unique. A boy band must be judged on their personal flare, their singing, and medicament and, there is always their performance ability. All of these should be considered when choosing a favorite boy band.When teen-age girls see the Backstreet Boys on the television they go crazy. When the Backstreet Boys are on TV everyone sees five young men dressed in clothing that most people can not afford. The clothing they split is preppy and expensive. Companies are always competing to have the Backstreet Boys. LL Bean, Abercrombie and Fitch, Structure and Gap. Now that is just what they wear, when you look at them you can tell who is the more popular guys are. Nick Carter the blond haired puritanical eyed guy that is considered the hottest guy in the group that most girls fall for. Nick us ually wears the more expensive and preppy style of clothing. While Backstreet Boys had Nick and the preppy style of clothing, NSync had the more everyday clothing that you see on a lot of people in your every day life. NSync has their share of over priced clothing but they wear what they can afford. When you look at NSync all of them have good looks but the one that Most girls go for is Justin Timberlake. He has the blond curly hair and the wonderful green eyes. An new(prenominal) thing that makes him so attractive is that he is always willing to help both charity organization. Neither Backstreet Boys nor NSync would be all that popular if it wasnt for their music abilities. Both bands Sing and produce theyre own music and occasionally a cover strain. What make the bands different are the carry throughrs of the music. Backstreet Boys are not the best in the category. The Backstreet Boys usually have other people write their music and then the five of them look the music and deci de if they want to sing it or not. Occasionally one of the Backstreet Boys will write a song on a CD like on their millennium album Brian form the Backstreet Boys wrote a ballad to his mother called the perfect fan. But on the other hand their big hit I want it that way or shape of my heart was written by one of their writers.

Battle Of The Boys :: essays research papers

Battle Of The BoysShape of my Heart Or Bye, Bye, Bye? Backstreet Boys or NSync? The latest rage is the five-spot Boys that make up a boy band. What most teenagers dont consider is what makes each group unique. A boy band must be judged on their personal mood, their singing, and music and, there is always their performance ability. All of these should be considered when choosing a favorite boy band.When teen-age girls see the Backstreet Boys on the television they go crazy. When the Backstreet Boys are on TV everyone sees five young men dressed in clothing that most people can not afford. The clothing they fail is preppy and expensive. Companies are always competing to have the Backstreet Boys. LL Bean, Abercrombie and Fitch, Structure and Gap. Now that is just what they wear, when you look at them you can tell who is the more popular guys are. Nick Carter the blond haired dirty eyed guy that is considered the hottest guy in the group that most girls fall for. Nick usually wears the more expensive and preppy style of clothing. While Backstreet Boys had Nick and the preppy style of clothing, NSync had the more everyday clothing that you see on a lot of people in your every day life. NSync has their share of over priced clothing but they wear what they can afford. When you look at NSync all of them have good looks but the one that Most girls go for is Justin Timberlake. He has the blond curly hair and the wonderful green eyes. An some other thing that makes him so attractive is that he is always willing to help whatever charity organization. Neither Backstreet Boys nor NSync would be all that popular if it wasnt for their music abilities. Both bands Sing and produce theyre own music and occasionally a cover tenor. What make the bands different are the savers of the music. Backstreet Boys are not the best in the category. The Backstreet Boys usually have other people write their music and then the five of them look the music and decide if they want to sin g it or not. Occasionally one of the Backstreet Boys will write a song on a CD like on their millennium album Brian form the Backstreet Boys wrote a ballad to his mother called the perfect fan. But on the other hand their big hit I want it that way or shape of my heart was written by one of their writers.

Career Objectives Essay

My career objective is to develop and build-up manpower with mulish knowledge and problem solving skills to expand small and medium agribusiness enterprises and purify the productivity of agribusiness value chain in bucolic industry and also in my country. Also I plan to apply acquired knowledge and practical skills from TAMU to up-scale agribusiness management, farmer producer organizations and groups, agribusiness supply chain management and improve agribusiness marketing of processed commodities and small business enterprise development. To be involved in international research, protrudereach programs and teaching in various aspects of agribusiness management and Enterprise Development. These activities inform our domestic efforts and enable me to address important problems and opportunities in my countrys (Nigeria) agribusiness supply chain and Enterprise Development.Also to help in the attainment of the national objective of poverty alleviation and feed security in my count ry as envisage by the Agricultural Perspective Plan (APP) through assured and efficient agricultural marketing system. To frame environment for incentive price of the farmers at the same time help the consumers in their access to agricultural produces at a comfortable price. To carry out relevant agriculture marketing research activities to support the future marketing policies and programs. To facilitate and support agro entrepreneurs association for promoting agribusiness and export from Nigeria. To stool and strengthen agriculture marketing infrastructure. Commercialization of the agriculture has been my priority at the recent time which has increased substantial market surplus of various agricultural commodities, like vegetables, fruits, species, cash crops and other agricultural products within the country. With the increase in volume of marketable surplus, the need for assured market outlet has become very necessary. This calls for improvement is the my overall interest.

Karl Marx and Alienation Essay

Karl Marx in his time was known for his research on the delirium of the employees in the workplace. It was during that time in the Industrial Revolution did Karl Marx publish his book Das Kapital which not only criticized the system of capitalism but also the ground of the workers on the job(p) at long hours and under small amounts of compensation. Alienation for Marx is considered to be a cause of a decrease in productivity and entails to a a good deal larger problem among the working class.According to his theory, the worker is subjected to various brings of alienation at the workplace. First unmatched is the alienation to himself. The particular worker in the sureness would oftentimes consider himself a different person (Marx, 2006). This is brought about by the particular thinking that he alone exists and no one else does. Same displace be said for the students in universities who often think a lot, write a lot, and do sorts of things that sometimes, he detaches himself from his inner capabilities.The student who also experience rejection, failure, and overplus is also alienated to himself. For instance, if one student fails a subject although he knows for a fact that he did everything he could just to pass his subject, he would fall back to do other things that seem to worth nothing because even out if he did what he could, he still failed the subject. This results to certain forms of depression and also sometimes to even suicide.Another form of alienation that Karl Marx explained is the alienation from other people in the workplace. For example, in particular workplace or office, employees commonly have cubicles wherein they do their jobs passim the shift not necessarily minding the other people he works with. Applying this form of alienation to students in the university, students often about are alienated from one another in so many ways. First, students are separated from one another in classes in various buildings.Second, students are, i n a particular class, not allowed to interact with one another during a lecture. They are alienated with one another by the existence of that certain notion of fountain of knowledge that most professors have. The fountain of knowledge is that one person acknowledges himself to be the only source of information. This certain act further contributes to the alienation. This is even more substantiated by the pressure the studies film in the thinking that the only way to get a job is to have a degree in a university. With that particular way of thinking, the apprehension of the various forms of intelligence are ignored and only the academic intelligence is recognized.The last form of alienation that most modern workers experience is the alienation from society. This form of alienation causes the individual to think that he is separate from society and works as an island. Modern office workers experience this by the schedule of their work. For instance, in a lot of business processes ou tsourcing (BPO) workers, graveyard shifts are a common thing to have. Graveyard shifts are working hours that are not the conventional type of working hours. They work at night when everyone is supposed to be sleeping and getting ready for the next day ahead. Students on the other hand, also experience this loving of alienation. First, alienation from their love ones is exhibited by leaving their families to live in dormitories inside the campus and thus learning to live on their own (Salerno, 2004). Second, by having the pressure that not studying enough would cause rejection. This thinking often leads to the reasoning why students are often studying hard at night when everyone else should be resting. Also, student in universities does not want anyone to disturb them and this is explained by the fact that as they are alienated, their behaviour changes as well.ReferencesMarx, K., Engels, F., & Jones, G. S. (2006). The communist manifesto. 119 p.Salerno, R. A. (2004). Beyond the enl ightenment lives and thoughts of social theorists. xi, 242 p.

Concept, nature and limitation of financial accounting Essay

account is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting the financial transactions of the business for the benefit of management and those fare nearlyies who are interested in business much(prenominal) as shareholders, creditors, bankers, customers, employees and government. Thus, it is concerned with financial reporting and termination making aspects of the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Committee on speech communication proposed in 1941 that accounting system may be defined as, The art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGThe term Accounting unless otherwise specifically stated always refers to pecuniary Accounting. Financial Accounting is commonly carries on in the general offices of a business. It is concerned with revenue s, expenses, assets and liabilities of a business house. Financial Accounting has two-fold objective, viz, To ascertain the arrive atableness of the business, and to know the financial position of the concern.NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGFinancial accounting is a useful tool to management and to external users such as shareholders, potential owners, creditors, customers, employees and government. It provides selective information regarding the results of its operations and the financial status of the business. The following are the functional areas of financial accounting- Dealing with financial transactions Accounting as a process deals only with those transactions which are measurable interms of money. Anything which can non be expressed in monetary terms does nonform part of financial accounting however significant it is. Recording of information Accounting is an art of recording financial transactions of a business concern. Thereis a limitation for human memory.It is not possible to remember all transactions ofthe business. Therefore, the information is recorded in a set of books called Journaland other subsidiary books and it is useful for management in its decision makingprocess. Classification of Data The recorded data is arranged in a manner so as to group the transactions of similar record at one place so that full information of these items may be collected under different heads. This is done in the book called ledger. For example, we may have accounts called Salaries, Rent, Interest, Advertisement, etc. To verify the arithmetical accuracy of such accounts, trial balance is prepared. Making Summaries The classified information of the trial balance is used to prepare scratch and loss account and balance sheet in a manner useful to the users of accounting information.The net accounts are prepared to find out operational efficiency and financial strength of the business. Analyzing It is the process of establishing the relationship bet ween the items of the profit andloss account and the balance sheet. The character is to identify the financial strength and weakness of the business. It also provides a basis for interpretation. Interpreting the financial information It is concerned with explaining the meaning and significance of the relationshipestablished by the analysis. It should be useful to the users, so as to enable them totake correct decisions. Communicating the results The profitability and financial position of the business as interpreted above arecommunicated to the interested parties at regular intervals so as to assist them tomake their own conclusions. LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGFinancial accounting is concerned with the preparation of final accounts. The business has become so complex that mere final accounts are not sufficient in meeting financial needs. Financial accounting is like a post-mortem report. At the some it can reveal what has happened so far, but it cannot exercise any control over the past happenings. The limitations of financial accounting are as follows1. It records only quantifiable information.2. It records only the historical cost. The impact of future uncertainties has no place in financial accounting.3. It does not take into account price level changes.4. It provides information some the whole concern. Product-wise, process-wise, department-wise or information of any other line of activity cannot be obtained separately from the financial accounting.5. Cost figures are not known in advance. Therefore, it is not possible to fix the price inadvance. It does not provide information to increase or reduce the selling price.6. As there is no technique for comparing the actual performance with that of the budgeted targets, it is not possible to evaluate performance of the business.7. It does not tell about the optimum or otherwise of the quantum of profit made and does not provide the ways and substance to increase the profits.8. In case of loss, whet her loss can be reduced or converted into profit by means of cost control and cost reduction? Financial accounting does not answer this question.9. It does not reveal which departments are performing well? Which ones are incurring losses and how much is the loss in each case?10. It does not provide the cost of products manufactured11. There is no means provided by financial accounting to reduce the wastage.12. Can the expenses be reduced which results in the reduction of product cost and if so, to what extent and how? No answer to these questions.13. It is not helpful to the management in taking strategic decisions like replacement of assets, introduction of new products, discontinuation of an existing line, expansion of capacity, etc.14. It provides ample celestial orbit for manipulation like overvaluation or undervaluation. This possibility of manipulation reduces the reliability.15. It is technical in nature. A person not conversant with accounting has little value of the finan cial accounts.

Chinese Business Essay

Introduction It is often argued that when line of products persons of different polishs negotiate commercial deals, there is bound to be a culture clash. I disagree with this view. It is true that cultural differences influence backup negotiations but with the appropriate approach to deal with the differences, culture clash is to be least expected in any handicraft negotiations, especially with the Chinese. As Sun Tzu would advised in his book The Art of War Know your opponent and know yourself and you will win all battles (Sun Tzu 1913).According to Newstrom and Davis (2002) there argon many striking differences across countries, just as there are close to surprising similarities. Clearly, residents of apiece country beat their aver preferences for clothes, food, recreation, and housing. In his research about national cultures of sixty countries, Hofstede (1993) revealed that cultures differ in five key factors namely, personal identity/collectivism, power distance, un ind isputablety avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and time orientation.Among these factors, the Chinese support the culture that look upon clarity and have the kind of orientation that accent values such(prenominal) as necessity of preparing for the future, the value of thrift and savings, and the merits of persistence. Literatures on different cultures also classify China as high-context culture which tends to emphasize personal relations, place value on trust, focus on non-verbal cues, and accent the need to attend to tender needs before business matters (Newstrom and Davis 2002). Culture is very important in certain country such as China.Huntinghon (2000) as cited by Fellner (2008) defined culture as the values, attitudes, beliefs, and underlying assumptions prevalent among pile in a society. He worried that culture is dynamic, interactive, and synergistic, and intermixes with all the elements of the society such as business and economic development (Huntinghon 2000 Fellner 20 08). Huiping (2009) stated in her article empower Understanding Chinese culture leads to business success with Chinas growing significance as an economic superpowerunderstanding the Chinese psyche becomes very helpful and effective in business negotiations management of supplier relations and many other business situations.As emphasized by Uthaisangchai (n. d. ), Chinese history and culture has restore on the way they do business and each of the many elements of the Chinese culture has a role to play in today Chinese business world. In Hofstedes (1980) theory of individualism-collectivism as cited by Jones (2009), the individualism and collectivism dimensions differs on the degree a culture is committed to an in-radical such as panoptic family, company or village.In the individualistic society, people are less attached to an in-group (that is, people are more self-centered and in pursuit of their own self-interests). Meanwhile in the collectivist society, people are more attache d to an in-group, that is the interests of the in-group come first. Jones (2009) also noned from Hofstede and Bond (1988) that such value of collectivism probable stems from a deep rooted, ingrained culture based on the traditional philosophy of Confucianism. Uthaisangchai (n.d,) gave emphasis of the teachings of Confucius in the development of the culture of Chinese.In the article entitled Connecting Confucianism, Communism and the Chinese Culture of Commerce, Keller and Kronstedt (2005) explained that Confucianism is a very important component of the Chinese culture. In a Confucian society, everyone has a role to play, and the key kind is built around the family Chinese cultures value family connections and protecting relationships (saving face).Developing family-like relationships takes time and patience, not merely a contractual deal based solely on money. If one has to do business in a Chinese culture, it is critical to understand and respect Confucian values (Keller and Kro nstedt 2005). Keller and Kronstedt (2005) further emphasized the significance of connections-Guanxi. In Confusian-based society like China, guanxi or proper connections are more crucial than price, product, place, etc. According to Jones (2009), China is known for being loyal to their in-group and favoring them in business related decision.As given emphasis by Li (2008) as cited by Jones (2009), understanding the guanxi is critical for conducting business in China and it involves cultivating trust, credibility and reciprocity. unrivaled way to understand cultural differences is through the concepts of high-context culture and low-context culture. The notion of context can be understood as the social environment in which a business transaction takes place. Edward T. Halls theory of high- and low-context culture explains the powerful effect culture has on communication.The countries classified as high-context cultures include China, Korea, Japan, Middle East, Africa, Italy and south more or less the States in which people are characterized as collectivists, relational, contemplative and intuitive. This implies that the people in these societies put emphasis on good relationship between members of the society. In relation to business transactions, the development of trust is a very important step. Hall (1976) argued that the people in high-context cultures prefer harmony in group and cartel for the achievement of individual members also individuals make decisions based on their feelings or intuition.The theory further emphasized that individuals focus on non-verbal cues, that is, words are not so significant in communication as compared to context rather, more is given emphasis on context which include facial expression, tone of theatrical role of the speaker, posture, gestures, and family history and status of the individual. The communication in the high-context culture is depicted as formal and indirect, which suggests that flowery humility, flowery langua ge, and apologies that are often too elaborated are common. Also, communicators in this type of culture do not depend on language precision and legal documents.Meanwhile, the countries classified as having low-context culture include Germany, uniting America, Finland, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden are linear, logical, action-oriented, and individualistic. Individuals in the low-context countries value facts, logic and they prefer directness. Finding solutions to problems involves identifying and enumerating all the facts and evaluating each of the options. Also, each decision is based on facts more often each discussion ends with an action. Communicators in this type of culture are anticipated to be concise, straightforward, and efficient in conveying the action that is expected.According to Hall (1976), communicators have to be precise in the words used in communicating to be absolutely understood. All negotiations are always concluded with definite contracts. Summing up the differences, on the one hand, high-context cultures tend to emphasize personal relations, place high value on trust, focus on nonverbal cues, and accent the need to attend to social needs before business matters. On the other hand, low-context cultures tend to interpret cues more literally. Individuals tend to rely on indite rules and legal documents, conduct business first, and value expertise and performance.With these classifications of cultures, it is apparent that when Americans negotiate with Chinese, a failure in negotiation if not a culture is more likely if the former group is not familiar with the latter. As noted by Minor and Lamberton (2010) from an interview with intercultural communication expert ray Ruiz Countries in Latin American and Asia value the build of relationships, but each in their own unique way. Before traveling to another country, I would recommend reading appropriate materials and speaking with foreign nationals residing in the U.S. in regards to the customs and business practices in their country of origin. I would also suggest that, once in a foreign country, it is important to observe your droves mannerisms and responses and respectfully respond in a like manner. Be well versed on acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. For example, when in Asia, do felicitate and share your impressions of their country. Do not decline any food or drink because this is viewed as an insult. In Latin America, do begin all meetings with kindly conversation regarding family or other social topics.Do not begin a meeting delving directly into the business objective. The lesson many American business people fail to learn is that it is all in the relationships (Minor & Lamberton 2010). In his article Doing commerce In and With China The risks are great, but so are the rewards, Atkinson (2004) noted from Stephen Nelson, the collaborator and co-head of the China practice group for the Hong Kong-based law firm Baker & McKenzie, that when acquiring b usinesses in China, it is important to realize that there are perceived cultural differences. unrivalled of the important lessons in making business in China is that foreigners simply cannot enter a venture in China with only a casual understanding of its terms and conditions. Atkinson (2004) cited an example of a US company that recently decided to make an investment in China by setting up a joint company through its Hong Kong manufacturing agent. The US company sent over $3 million worth of equipment, then came to us with documentation written in Chinese and asked Can you look at this and tell us whether we really own 50 percent of this company? Akgunes et al (2012) identified several(prenominal) points to consider for successful negotiations. According to Zhao (2000) as cited by Akgunes et al (2012), negotiations become successful when the participating parties are cooperative with one another this can be done by applying the cooperative Confucian tactics. Also, for a western com pany like a US company, such company has to show that they have organisation support which is an indication that they are reliable, stable and credible to do business with.According to Fang (2006) as noted by Akgunes (2012), trust will lead to very much better performance and being patient will be more beneficial to you than any other attribute you might possess. Bredin (1998) as cited by Akgunes (2012) also suggested that a foreign business negotiator should not give in to pressure from superiors to hurry up and complete the deal because can cause problems because the Chinese are not greatly concerned with the time dimension. There are companies that also failed to successfully negotiate business deals with the Chinese.According to Fang (2006) as cited by Akgunes (2012), the most common reason for failure is that the Chinese firm lacks the funds to go through with a deal. Also, sending a low-ranking employee to make the negotiation will be viewed as very impolite and the Chinese may find it insulting and insincere, in this case failure is also almost certain. Moreover, it is important to note from Sebenius (2002) as cited by Akgunes (2012) that Chinese law says that one cannot leave a contract unless both sides approve dissolution.Fang (2006) as cited by Akgunes et al (2012) also emphasized that mischance to say no to a Chinese negotiator who is using a Sun Tzu-like strategy could be detrimental to the deal, but on the other hand, proverb no to a Confucian gentleman could cause a loss of face. This also will be very harmful, if not fatal, to a successful deal. The Chinese have regional areas just like the United States and there are very different cultures, traditions and sometimes languages in these regions.Not acknowledging these regions can cause you to have limited success in one area and a complete failure in another (Fang 2006 Akgunes 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, like what Sun Tzu have said in his book The Art of War Know your enemy and know you rself and you will win all battles (Sun Tzu 1913). This means that for companies to be successful in making business deals, having the capital is not enough to close a business deal. Knowledge and understanding of the culture of the prospect business partner is very important.Other than this, Sebenius (2002) emphasized that culturl allegiances are often not as simple as they appear. Designing the set strategy and tactics in reaching the right people, with the right arguments, will result to a sustainable deal. References Fellner, Amira 2008, Role of Culture in Economic Development Case Study of China and Latin America, Graduate School Theses, University of South Florisa Schoalr Commons, viewed from http//scholarcommons. usf. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1235&context=etd Hall, Edward 1976, Beyond Culture.Hofstede, Geert 1993, Cultural Constraints in Management Theories, Academy of Management Executive, pp. 81-94. Jones, Gwen 2009, Differences in the Perceptions of Unethical pie ce of work Behaviors among Chinese and American Business Professionals, Competition Forum, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 473-480. Keller, G. & Kronstedt C. 2005, Connecting Confucianism, Communicsm, and the Chinese Culture of Commerce. Journal of Language for International Business, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 60-75. Minor, Leslie & Lamberton, Lowell 2010, High-Context & Low-Context Cultures, viewed from http//www.cascadebusnews. com/business-tips/networking/154-high-context-a-low-context-cultures. Newstrom, JW. & Davis, K. 2002, Organizational Behavior human being Behavior at Work, McGraw-Hill Sun Tzu 1913, The Art of War. Uthaisangchai, Prasong (n. d. ), The Importance of Understanding Chinese Culture, viewed form http//www. bangkokbank. com/download/Week%2012%20Culture%20intro. pdf Huiping, Iler 2009, Understanding Chinese Culture Leads to Business Success, Canadian HR Report, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 18.

Gender Bias Essay

The concept of equality is regarded as an inalienable human right that should be enjoyed by in all exclusives regardless of their gender, race, religion, and other differential factors (United Nations, 2009). However, it is clearly seen that this is not practiced in the society that exists today. Discrimination silent persists and this is greatly exemplified by the disparity that is based on gender differences. It is undeniable that wo manpower ar still placed in a disadvantageous or inferior position as compargond with their male counterparts.thither be indeed substantial changes that have taken place in the past that made the situation of women better than before. Nevertheless, it is still obvious that there are still many changes that should be made before women can achieve the real essence of equality that they rightfully deserve. The discriminatory practices against women can be rooted choke off in the early history of the world wherein philosophers are still trying to ma ke sense in the world that human beings live in. Even in the past, women have already been seen as inferior to men and this is evidently proven in the development of language.According to Becky Michele Mulvaney, the author of the article entitled Gender Differences in Communication An Intercultural Experience, gender is both an influence of and a product of communication. In line with this, she pointed out how the idea of gender is first learned by an individual finished talking with other people. A person could see the difference between the language that is used by girls and is often characterized by qualifiers and fillers to soften their message.There are words that are acceptable if used by a boy but not by a girl. Moreover, famous philosophers also focussed on the image of an active male that makes a female as mere a supporting character. This is exemplified by Plato who defined women as lesser men and Aristotle who said that women are a deformity, a misbegotten male as well a s St Thomas Aquinas who argues that women should not have been created by god (Mulvaney, 2004). In the same manner, discriminatory practices against women still continue up to this present time.The patriarchal influences of key personalities in history and the general perspective of the people before, that women are inferior to men established a societal thinking that further propagated this view. Despite the improvements in the status of women in the society, it is evident that they are still comprehend as second class citizens. This is proven in the professional lives of women wherein there are still biases and discrimination practiced against them because of their gender.Even though there are women that are already fashioning in industries that are previously dominated by males, there is still an observable discrepancy that shows that a large bod of men are in the working force. Furthermore, women are also having difficulties climbing the professional ladder of success becaus e they are not given a plum consideration because of their gender even if they have the same capabilities sometimes even better skills than their male contenders (Farough, 2005).Being the case, it can be said that the inequality experient by women is often not in terms of their age, race, or religion even though these factors are often intertwined. The inequality that they have to go through especially in their jobs is brought about by the social construct that women are inferior to men. The society, the one that is responsible for creating this concept, should also be the one responsible to interpret the notion of gender inequality.In order to do so, it entails using approach that deals with the cooperation and collaboration of people regardless of their genders. The Feminist/Sociological approach entails that people should work toward deconstructing this gender bias especially the males, and should realize that there are more disadvantageous effects if this inequality persists as compared with the privilege that they get from it (Farough, n. d. ).Furthermore, gender inequality could also be addressed through the proper use of language and communication. People should realize that language and communication are also intercultural factors wherein diversity should be accepted because there of the inherent differences between males and females (Mulvaney, 2004). However, it should be remembered that these differences should not render one gender inferior than the other. References Farough, S. (2005). The Negative Consequences of Male Privilege.In Understanding and anaging mutation Readings, Cases, & Exercises. 3rd edition. (Chapter 21). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Mulvaney, B. M. (2004) Gender Differences in Communication An Intercultural Experience. In International Communication A Global Reader. (pp. 221-229). United States keen Publications. United Nations. (2009). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved January 13, 2008, from http/ /www. un. org/Overview/rights. html.

Womens rights

History of womens make ups See in like manner Legal indemnifys of women in explanation and Timeline of womens rights (other than voting) chin awake(predicate) The location of women In mainland China was low, giantly due to the custom of foot binding. About 45% of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th nose bottomlanddy. For the speeding classes, it was almost 100%. In 1912, the Chinese g everyplacenment ordered the cessation of foot-binding. Foot-binding Involved alteration of the bone structure so that the feet were provided about 4 inches long.The bound feet caused difficulty of movement, thus greatly limiting the activities of women. Due to the social custom that men and omen should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by masculine doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for egg-producing(prenominal) doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927)3 wa s direct by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA) to constitute the first medical college for women in China.Kn avow as the Hackett Medical College for Women this College was regain In Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A. K. Hackett (1851-1916) of Indiana, USA. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese womens social Greece The status of women in antique Greece varied configuration city enjoin to city state. Records exist of women in old-fashioned Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta owning land, the most prestigious form of private situation at the tlme. 8 In ancient Athens. omen had no good personhood and were assumed to be part of the oikos headed by the male kyrios. Until espousals, women were on a lower floor the guardianship of their receive or other male relative. once married the husband became a cleaning ladys kyrlos. As omen were barred from conducting legal proceedings, the kyrios would do so on their behalf. 9 Athenian women had confine right to spot and therefore were not considered full citizens, as citizenship and the entitlement to civil and political rights was defined in relation to property and the means to liveness. 10 However, women could acquire rights over property done gifts, dowry and inheritance, though her kyrios had the right to stipulate of a womans property11 Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a medimnos of barley (a measure of grain), entirelyowing women to work in petty trading. 9 Slaves, like women, were not eligible for full citizenship In ancient Athens, though In rare circumstances they could become citizens if bigd. The only invariable barrier to citizenship, and hence full political and civil rights, in ancient Athens was sex activity.No women ever acquired citizenship In ancient Athens, and therefore women were excluded In principle and a pply from ancient Athenian democracy. 12 By contrast, knockout women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they njoyed considerable status as incurs of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates. Following protracted and 40% of all Spartan land and By the Hellenistic Period, approximately of the wealthiest Spartans were women.The unique thing about Patria Potestas was that it ad no age limits, according to Gaius a man could be consul, piddle a wife and children of his own and future prominence tho as long as his father was alive was still under his potestas (power) and so could own nothing. Patria Potestas only ended with each the cobblers last of the father, or emancipation by him. Early in the Re popular Manus unification ended the potestas for women, scarce during the middle and lat er Republic that form of mating became rare, eventually disappearing completely. espousals Under Law Rome had only two forms of hymeneals, and both had exactly the reversal view of legal effects. Manus Marriage was the earlier form of union and placed the woman under her husbands manus legally standing in the baffle of a daughter. Under this type of marriage women could own nothing, and had little if any legal protections. On the other hand a woman assumed the personate of her husbands daughter in Manus Marriage making her agnatically instead of cognatically related to Manus, and was the opposite of Manus.Women married Sine Manu experienced no legal changes, so if her father was alive at time of marriage she continued to be his dependent and before the reign of Marcus Aurelius he could even force an end to he marriage. The leave out of any legal change of status for the women meant that (provided their father had either died or emancipated them) they could own property, condu ct most forms of business, and divorce her husband (without any close needed). Legally mouth the only leave out of independence a woman in Rome experienced in a marriage without Manus was from her father.The only legal issue related to marriage was dowry. A dowry was not required by law, precisely was usually provided by a father or if a father was nonexistent it would be whatever the bride wished to come out of her own estate. It was administered by the husband, but in the vent of a divorce he was required to provide either the dowry or the equivalent of it back to his wife. In the case of adultery, husbands got to keep portions of the dowry. Politics Legally peaching women were banned from politics.As with freedmen and slaves of the over-embellished Family women of the imperial family gained some benefits from the fall of the Republic, but because the nature of the Principate was to hide dictatorship such power had to be subtle and kept out of the public philia when possibl e. The ban on women and politics was they could not vote or run for office (sine suffragio) enlist n the army, or represent somebody else in court, women speaking their minds was not considered politics and so some women like Hortensia managed to make appearances in politics without violating the law.Inheritance Rights Everyone under the potestas of another had pit rights of inheritance under roman type Law, and wills that did otherwise ran risks of being challenged and invalidated as negligent. Stoic Influence Stoic philosophies had a strong effect on the development of law in ancient Rome. The Roman stoic thinkers Seneca and Musonius Rufus developed theories of entirely elationships (not to be confused with equality in alliance, or even equality) arguing that nature gives men and women equal capacity for virtue and equal obligations to act virtuously (a vague concept).Therefore they argued that men and women contrive an equal need for philosophical direction. 20 Stoic theor ies entered Roman law first done the Roman lawyer and senator Marcus Tullius Cicero and the influence of indifference and philosophy increased while the status of women improved under the Empire. 21 Religious scriptures word of honor See Women in the Bible Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the mother of all the living. (Genesis 320) Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was mavening Israel at that time. Oudges 44) God chose a woman, Deborah, to lead Israel.Quran The neutrality of this phrase is exact exceptiond. Relevant discussion whitethorn be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. feminism, and Sex segregation and Islam The Quran, revealed to Muhammad over the personal line of credit of 23 years, provide guidance to the Islamic community and modified existing customs in Arab society. From 610 and 661, known as the early reforms under Islam, the Quran introduced fundamental reforms to conventiona l law and ntroduced rights for women in marriage, divorce and inheritance.By providing that the wife, not her family, would receive a dowry from the husband, which she could administer as her personal property, the Quran make women a legal party to the marriage contract. citation needed While in customary law inheritance was limited to male descendents, the Quran introduced rules on inheritance with certain bushel shares being distributed to designated heirs, first to the nearest female relatives and then the nearest male relatives. 22 According to Annemarie Schimmel compared to he pre-lslamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an enormous progress the woman has the right, at least according to the garner of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work. 23 The general improvement of the status of Arab women included hindrance of female infanticide and recognizing womens full personhood. 24 Women were generally attached greater rights than women in pre-lslamic Arabia2526 and medieval Europe. 27 Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures until centuries later. 28 According to prof William Montgomery Watt, when seen in uch historical context, Muhammad gage be seen as a fgure who testified on behalf of womens rights. 29 The Middle Ages According to English Common Law, which developed from the 12th century onward, all property which a wife held at the time of a marriage became a possession of her husband. Eventually English courts forbade a husbands transferring property without the apply of his wife, but he still retain the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced. cut married women suffered from restrictions on their legal capacity which were removed only in 1965. 30 In the 16th entury, the Reformation in Europe allowed more women to add their voices, including the English writers Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, and the prophetess Anna Trapnell. English and American Quakers believed that men and women were equal. Many Quaker women were preachers. 31 Despite relatively greater immunity for Anglo-Saxon women, until the mid-19th century, writers for the most part assumed that a patriarchal order was a natural order that had always existed. 32 This perception was not gravely challenged until the eighteenth century when Jesuit missionaries found matrilineality in native North American peoples. 33 18th and 19th century Europe The Debutante (1807) by heat content Fuseli The woman, victim of male social conventions, is tie to the wall, made to sew and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects Mary Wolls shadowcrafts views in A defence force of the Rights of char, published in 1792. 34 Starting in the late 18th century, and throughout the 19th century, rights, as a concept and claim, gained increasing political, social and philosophical importance in Europe.Movements emerged which demanded freedom of religion, the abolition of slave ry, rights for women, rights for those who did not own property and universal to political debates in both France and Britain. At the time some of the greatest thinkers of the Enlightenment, who defended democratic principles of equality and challenged notions that a privileged few should rule over the vast majority of the population, believed that these principles should be applied only to their own gender and their own race.The philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau for example notion that it was the order of nature for woman to heed men. He wrote Women do wrong to complain of the inequality of man-made laws and claimed that when she tries to usurp our rights, she is our First page of the resolving power of the Rights of woman and the Female Citizen In 1791 he French playwright and political activist Olympe de Gouges published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen,37 modelled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789.The Declaration is ironic in formulation and exposes the blow of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights they claim lost in society. The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen ollows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as almost a parody f the original document. The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied Woman is born free and carcass equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility.De Gouges expands the sixth article of the Declaration of the Rights of M an and of the Citizen, which declared the rights of citizens to take part in the formation of law, to Australian womens rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon A hypothetical female process foists her babys care on the House talker All citizens including women are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and use of goods and servicess, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. De Gouges in any case draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights. 8 Mary Wollstonecraft, a British writer and philosopher, published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that it was the education and upbringing of women that created limited expectations.Womens RightsOver the centuries, women have faced numerous difficulties in a male supremacist infested society who places gender as the main determining element of human capacity. Despite the rise of liberal, secularist ideologies that express support for womens rights in the 08th and 19th centuries, the problem remains chronic as there remain social disfavours and blind convictions on the weaknesses and shortcomings of women as members of society. . During the 50s, the media projected women as undignified citizens who do not have the right to exercise free will.Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin recall Seventeen Magazine to have advised their readers about the role of women in a relationship. That the womans role was to drop dead as partners and not rivals, enemies, and playthings, and that the relationship between women and men should create a heaven, a home that should serve as a place of sanctuary and peace treaty (Isserman & Kazin, 2000, 13). The 1960s proved, on the other hand, to be one of the biggest turning points of womens rights in the United States and across the world.Apart from the emergence of the second wave of feminists, the Vietnam war provided opportun ities for women to show their capabilities as members of the working class. The entrance of women to the realm of the paid labor force were led by women who at the time were over the 40-year old stone Despite such remarkable turn of events, women remained to be deemed as underrated second class citizens. Primarily, tradition norms hold that women should not be granted education and right to labor as their capabilities are not equal to those of their male counterparts.As a result, society failed to acknowledge the statistical proliferation of women in the labor sector because of traditional belief and practice. In doing so, society also failed to look at the fact that the entrance of women in the labor force meant that women as unrecognized members of society have finally broken the domestic ideal that women are supposed to show their supremacy as homemakers and housewives. For the African American woman however, the deprivation of rights were enveloped in the concepts of gender and ethnicity.While African-American women enjoyed the rights to having paid labor similar to those of their male counterparts, they were always compared to white women (Isserman & Kazin, 2000, 26). And considering the rampant racial discrimination during the 20th century, the comparisons between African-American women and whiteness women implied negativity. Likewise, the right to purity for African American women was among the most alarming concerns as the accepted norm regarding women who take pleasure for sensual activities were only ascribed to African American women.Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin (2000, 27) write that white American Writer Willie Morris was shocked by the fact that a woman of his own skin tone does actually enjoy internal intercourse. Morris added more insult to injury as he denoted his personal thought that only Negro women engaged in the act of love with white males save for fun (Isserman & Kazin, 2000, 27). Womens rights over the years have been hindered by male supremacists who only believed in the capabilities of their own ego.However, it has also been apparent that apart from gender, skin tone and other physical features are also factors that hinder women from proliferating and being part of a prejudice-free society. But putting all the obstacles that gender issues bring forth, such obstacles should not be the cause of disheartening but a beacon of hope that women would one day face a world free of blind prejudice and mindless conformity.Womens RightsWomen are increasingly under attack in Afghanistan as far as womens rights are concerned. The Taliban overthrew the afghan government in 1996, and ruled from 1996-2001, and during that time strict restrictions had been executed on women. Women and girls were not allowed to work or receive education. There was an exception to the rule if a woman was widowed, and had no other source of income, and then she could work. Women could not go outside, unless they were covered in a head to t oe burqua, which is their traditional attire, and a male relative had to result them.The burqua only has a small mesh opening over the eyes allowing limited vision, and many of the women had been injured due to poor visibility. If a woman showed a bit of her ankle or had noisy shoes, she would be beaten. In addition, women had no voice, so they are were not allowed to speak in public. From puberty until death, women could only speak to men who were relatives. Once The War on Terrorism began, it gave the Afghan and Iraqi women hope to reform their nation and improve the social situation.The Taliban were chased from the country by U. S. military forces in 2001, and there have been some improvements in womens rights concerning education and employment although many still suffer the hardships they did before the war. Most improvements have happened in major cites of Afghanistan such as Kabul, leaving rural areas with very much change at all. The police still enforce the wearing of the burqua by the women, but in Kabul, many professional women no longer wear the burqua, but many still do. According to a July 2003 Human Rights Watch report, the southeastern Afghanistan army and police practice of kidnapping, robbing and raping is so prevalent that women and girls are staying home as a means of protection. The fear of assault and political intimidation prevents the women and girls from gaining an education, employment and political influence. (National Organization for Women, 2008) There is no abiding law and order in Afghanistan by the police or local authorities. The NATO forces do not have enough manpower to offer protection.However, armed fathers, husbands and brothers do all they can to protect the women. Afghanistan is also known for child brides and marrying off girls as young as eleven to men in their thirties and even older. True, women hold 27 percent of the seats in the National Assembly and one-sixth of the seats in the Upper House. But most Afghan wom en remain illiterate, impoverished and vulnerable to political and criminal violence. Only 15 percent of Afghan woman can read. The United Nations has described Afghan women as being among the worst-off in the world. On average, women in Afghanistan die at least 20 years younger than women elsewhere. (Women in Afghanistan, 2006) In Herat, which is Afghanistans second largest city, the government has given women and girls limited educational and employment opportunities. Women groups have been censored, and derailed from the governments administration. It is bad enough that the government is threatening womens rights, but society has imposed other means by handing out pamphlets in communities encouraging parents not to send their daughters to school, and many of the girls schools have been firebombed and burned.Some girls have been poisoned to death for going to school. Parents that often deny education for their daughters, force their young girls into marriage. Girls are forced into marriage as young as eight years old. opposite restrictions that Afghan women face as a violation of womens rights is a ban on outside employment, strict dress code for women, very limited medical care, threats of violence if seen without a husband, father or male relative and rejection of humanitarian aid.Women are denied any share of humanitarian aid delivered to their country under the assumption that the men will take care of the women. Before the Taliban takeover in 1996, the Afghanistan women were scientist, members of parliament, cabinet members, and university professors. They led corporations, non-profit organizations and local communities. Many of these women are more than fitting to lead Afghanistan back to democracy. In November 2001, shockingly, Afghan women marched for their rights in Kabul. For the first time in more than six years, Afghan women rallied for their rights.Hillary Clinton established a campaign for women in Afghanistan and in 1999 she spoke out on the ir behalf about the abuse and the wearing of the burqua of the women in Afghanistan. Over the years, some schools have reopened in Afghanistan allowing boys and girls to attend. Several women have also been appointed or elected to important political roles. In the past five years, in the southern city of Kandahar at least five kelvin women have graduated from special literacy courses, where they learned how to read and write and were taught skills such as dressmaking or computer knowledge.There is a woman minister of public health, a woman minister of womens affairs and a woman heading the human rights commission. Women are also now able to travel more freely, and they have returned to work. Although progress is being made, there is still much more turmoil. Registered cases of physical violence against women and girls in Afghanistan have increased by about 40 percent since March 2007. Some women seek escape by self-immolation, resulting in death or disfigurement.Last year, at least 30 women committed self-destruction in the western Farah Province alone, most of them by setting themselves on fire, according to Afghan media reports. (Afghanistan Online, 2008) The Afghanistan government announced a plan to give approximately one third of jobs to women by 2012. I hope that this will lead to greater things, and that the womens rights of Afghanistan will improve and that every woman will be included throughout the country, and they can move forward.Womens RightsWomens rightsHistory of womens rights See also Legal rights of women in history and Timeline of womens rights (other than voting) China The status of women In China was low, largely due to the custom of foot binding. About 45% of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th century. For the upper classes, it was almost 100%. In 1912, the Chinese government ordered the cessation of foot-binding. Foot-binding Involved alteration of the bone structure so that the feet were only about 4 inches long.The bound feet caused difficulty of movement, thus greatly limiting the activities of women. Due to the social custom that men and omen should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for female doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927)3 was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA) to found the first medical college for women in China.Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women this College was located In Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A. K. Hackett (1851-1916) of Indiana, USA. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese womens social Greece The status of women in ancient Greece varied form city state to city state. Records exist of women in ancient Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta owning land, th e most prestigious form of private property at the tlme. 8 In ancient Athens. omen had no legal personhood and were assumed to be part of the oikos headed by the male kyrios. Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. once married the husband became a womans kyrlos. As omen were barred from conducting legal proceedings, the kyrios would do so on their behalf. 9 Athenian women had limited right to property and therefore were not considered full citizens, as citizenship and the entitlement to civil and political rights was defined in relation to property and the means to life. 10 However, women could acquire rights over property through gifts, dowry and inheritance, though her kyrios had the right to dispose of a womans property11 Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a medimnos of barley (a measure of grain), allowing women to engage in petty trading. 9 Slaves, like women, were not eligible for full citi zenship In ancient Athens, though In rare circumstances they could become citizens if freed. The only permanent barrier to citizenship, and hence full political and civil rights, in ancient Athens was gender.No women ever acquired citizenship In ancient Athens, and therefore women were excluded In principle and practice from ancient Athenian democracy. 12 By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they njoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates. Following protracted and 40% of all Spartan land and By the Hellenistic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women.The unique thing about Patria Potestas was that it ad no age limits, according to Gaius a man could be consul, have a wife and children of his own and future prominence but as long as his father was alive was still under his potestas (power) and so could own nothing. Patria Potestas only ended with either the death of the father, or emancipation by him. Early in the Republic Manus Marriage ended the potestas for women, but during the middle and later Republic that form of marriage became rare, eventually disappearing completely.Marriage Under Law Rome had only two forms of marriage, and both had exactly the opposite view of legal effects. Manus Marriage was the earlier form of marriage and placed the woman under her husbands manus legally standing in the position of a daughter. Under this type of marriage women could own nothing, and had little if any legal protections. On the other hand a woman assumed the position of her husbands daughter in Manus Marriage making her agnatically instead of cognatically related to Manus, and was the opposite of Manus.Women married Sine Manu experienced no legal changes, so if her father was alive at time of marriage she continued to be his dependent and before the reign of Marcus Aurelius he could even force an end to he marriage. The lack of any legal change of status for the women meant that (provided their father had either died or emancipated them) they could own property, conduct most forms of business, and divorce her husband (without any reason needed). Legally speaking the only lack of independence a woman in Rome experienced in a marriage without Manus was from her father.The only legal issue related to marriage was dowry. A dowry was not required by law, but was usually provided by a father or if a father was nonexistent it would be whatever the bride wished to come out of her own estate. It was administered by the husband, but in the vent of a divorce he was required to provide either the dowry or the equivalent of it back to his wife. In the case of adultery, husbands got to keep portions of the dowry. Politics Legally speaking women were banned from politics.As with freedmen and sl aves of the Imperial Family women of the imperial family gained some benefits from the fall of the Republic, but because the nature of the Principate was to hide dictatorship such power had to be subtle and kept out of the public eye when possible. The ban on women and politics was they could not vote or run for office (sine suffragio) enlist n the army, or represent somebody else in court, women speaking their minds was not considered politics and so some women like Hortensia managed to make appearances in politics without violating the law.Inheritance Rights Everyone under the potestas of another had equal rights of inheritance under Roman Law, and wills that did otherwise ran risks of being challenged and invalidated as negligent. Stoic Influence Stoic philosophies had a strong effect on the development of law in ancient Rome. The Roman stoic thinkers Seneca and Musonius Rufus developed theories of Just elationships (not to be confused with equality in society, or even equality) arguing that nature gives men and women equal capacity for virtue and equal obligations to act virtuously (a vague concept).Therefore they argued that men and women have an equal need for philosophical education. 20 Stoic theories entered Roman law first through the Roman lawyer and senator Marcus Tullius Cicero and the influence of stoicism and philosophy increased while the status of women improved under the Empire. 21 Religious scriptures Bible See Women in the Bible Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the mother of all the living. (Genesis 320) Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading Israel at that time. Oudges 44) God chose a woman, Deborah, to lead Israel.Quran The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. feminism, and Sex segregation and Islam The Quran, revealed to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, provide guidance to the Is lamic community and modified existing customs in Arab society. From 610 and 661, known as the early reforms under Islam, the Quran introduced fundamental reforms to customary law and ntroduced rights for women in marriage, divorce and inheritance.By providing that the wife, not her family, would receive a dowry from the husband, which she could administer as her personal property, the Quran made women a legal party to the marriage contract. citation needed While in customary law inheritance was limited to male descendents, the Quran introduced rules on inheritance with certain fixed shares being distributed to designated heirs, first to the nearest female relatives and then the nearest male relatives. 22 According to Annemarie Schimmel compared to he pre-lslamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an enormous progress the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work. 23 The general improvement of the status of Arab women included prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing womens full personhood. 24 Women were generally given greater rights than women in pre-lslamic Arabia2526 and medieval Europe. 27 Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures until centuries later. 28 According to Professor William Montgomery Watt, when seen in uch historical context, Muhammad can be seen as a fgure who testified on behalf of womens rights. 29 The Middle Ages According to English Common Law, which developed from the 12th century onward, all property which a wife held at the time of a marriage became a possession of her husband. Eventually English courts forbade a husbands transferring property without the consent of his wife, but he still retained the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced.French married women suffered from restrictions on their legal capacity which were removed only in 1965. 30 In the 16th entu ry, the Reformation in Europe allowed more women to add their voices, including the English writers Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, and the prophetess Anna Trapnell. English and American Quakers believed that men and women were equal. Many Quaker women were preachers. 31 Despite relatively greater freedom for Anglo-Saxon women, until the mid-19th century, writers largely assumed that a patriarchal order was a natural order that had always existed. 32 This perception was not seriously challenged until the 18th century when Jesuit missionaries found matrilineality in native North American peoples. 33 18th and 19th century Europe The Debutante (1807) by Henry Fuseli The woman, victim of male social conventions, is tied to the wall, made to sew and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects Mary Wollstonecrafts views in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, published in 1792. 34 Starting in the late 18th century, and throughout the 19th century, rights, as a concept and claim, gained incr easing political, social and philosophical importance in Europe.Movements emerged which demanded freedom of religion, the abolition of slavery, rights for women, rights for those who did not own property and universal to political debates in both France and Britain. At the time some of the greatest thinkers of the Enlightenment, who defended democratic principles of equality and challenged notions that a privileged few should rule over the vast majority of the population, believed that these principles should be applied only to their own gender and their own race.The philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau for example thought that it was the order of nature for woman to obey men. He wrote Women do wrong to complain of the inequality of man-made laws and claimed that when she tries to usurp our rights, she is our First page of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen In 1791 he French playwright and political activist Olympe de Gouges published the Declaration of the R ights of Woman and the Female Citizen,37 modelled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789.The Declaration is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights they have lost in society. The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen ollows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as almost a parody f the original document. The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied Woman is born free and remains equal to man in right s. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility.De Gouges expands the sixth article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which declared the rights of citizens to take part in the formation of law, to Australian womens rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon A hypothetical female member foists her babys care on the House Speaker All citizens including women are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights. 8 Mary Wollstonecraft, a British writer and philosopher, published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that it was the education and upbringing of women that created limited expectations.

Gerrymandering: United States and Congressional Apportionment Essay

Congressional Apportionment is the process by which the United States House of Representatives are redistricted the fifty states following individually constitutionally mandated decennial census. Each state is guaranteed at least one seat and all the other seats are divided among the rest of the states based on their population. Congressional Apportionment is important to the states because the more representatives a state has the more influence they have in the House and vice versa the states do not requirement to lose seats in the House.Congressional redistricting is the process of redrawing district boundaries when a state has more representatives than districts. The Senate does not take part in the redistricting process. Redistricting occurs every hug drug years, with the national census. Gerrymandering is a practice that attempts to establish a political advantage for a particular political party or group by manipulating geographical boundaries to create partisan, incumbent- protected districts.In order to protect incumbents and to discourage challengers by creating a district that is more populated with a certain political ideology everywhere another to insure a politicians chance of winning. Gerrymandering is also used in order, to enhance a political partys position by having a certain political parties in a district to ensure that the Democrats or Republicans win every election. The Supreme Court has placed limits on racial gerrymandering and ensuring that the districts are equally populated.Racial gerrymandering is the drawing of a district to favor one racial group over another. The Supreme Court illegalize racial gerrymandering, which prevented Southern African Americans from voting and becoming the majority. The Supreme Court also disallows majority-minority districts. The Supreme Court has also ruled that the districts must be equally populated the districts are required to have the same number of people, so each state takes the number of p eople they found in the census and divides that by the number of districts.

Plant Biotechnology

Define lay bioengineering. Using examples discuss how it is different from handed-down / effected methods institute breeding. Plant biotechnology has been defined as the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in-order to gain technological application of micro-organisms and cultured tissue cells in the transfer of agenttic traits from wiz make species to opposite to obtain transgenic countersinks that are of beneficial use to human kind (Lawrence . W 1968).Heldt H and Heldt F (2005) defines plant biotechnology as the art and science to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic tuition from an organism, manipulating it in a testing ground and then transferring it into a plant to change real of its device characteristics. . Plant breeding is the science and art of improving crop plants through the study and application of genetics, agronomy, statistics, plant pathology, entomology, and related sciences (Kuckuck et al 1991). Increased crop yield is the primary aim of most plant-breeding programs advantages of the hybrids and new varieties developed take adaptation to new agricultural areas, greater resistance to disease and insects, greater yield of useful parts, get around nutritional content of edible parts, and greater physiological efficiency. Humans take been improving crops for yield and some other characteristics since the advent of agriculture. Plant biotechnology involves processes such as genetic engineering which involves the direct addition of unknown gene/genes to the genome of an organism.It is a type of genetic modification. Traditional plant breeding also modifies the genetic topic of plants. It involves techniques such as crossing and selection of new superior genotype combinations. Firstly traditional methods unravel to breed plants that git sexually mate with each other. This limits the new traits that can be added to those that already go in that species. Secondly when plant s are crossed, m whatever traits are transformed along with the trait of interest. Whereas genetic engineering, on the other hand, is not bound by these limitations.It involves the removal of a specific fragment of DNA from bingle plant or organism and transferring the genes for one of a few traits into another. No crossing is required because the sexual barrier betwixt species is overcome. It is much specific in that a single trait can be added to a plant (Bajaj . Y 2001). According to Rost . T. I et al (2006), another difference amidst traditional plant breeding and plant biotechnology is the number of genes transferred to the offspring in each case. Plants temper approximately 80 000 genes which recombine during sexual hybridization.The offspring may therefore inherit around molar concentration new genes as a result of this recombination. This is equivalent to a 0. 0125 % change in the genome. By assembly line when a specific gene is transferred into a plant, there is a 0 . 0025% change in the genetic information of the plant, it is argued that plant biotechnology raises a more precise approach to crop improvements than sexual hybridization. Plant biotechnology through genetic engineering can cause harmful toxins to be produced by transformed plants, though it is still unclear whether it is due to the technique itself on the nature of the foreign gene.The introduction of a gene that it is known to encode a toxin in one organism will induce a equivalent effect when familiarised into a different organism (Raven P. H et al 1992). There has been a case where a transgenic soybean containing a gene from Brazil nuts elicited an allergic reaction in round people. The gene from Brazil nuts had been well characterized and its product known to cause an allergy, hence immense laboratory tests. This illustrates why rigorous characterization of a gene is required before permitting its introduction into a new species. except there is also the potential of tox ic product being produced as a result of conventional methods of crop improvements. For example, in sweet potatoes where vegetative propagation is done, potato varieties with increased pest resistance have continually been selected as giving a higher crop variety. Those varieties contain high levels of natural pesticides, called glucoalkaloids. However these compounds are toxic to animals, so could have harmful effects when eaten.This demonstrates that the nature of the novel feature should be open to debate rather than the method by which it is introduced (Lawrence . W 1968). The traditional methods of crop improvements are restrain by the sexual compatibility of the plants involved whereas with plant biotechnology through genetic engineering any characteristic from any organism of any species can be introduced into a plant. Plant breeders therefore have addition to a much wider gene pool than they have victimisation traditional crossing methods to develop a new variety.For exam ple a rice gene responsible for defense against a disease cause fungus can be transferred to a banana tree susceptible to that disease. The intent is to protect the genetically modified banana from that disease and thereby reduce yield loss and number of fungicide applications. Another example is that genes introduced into plants to provide a resistance to the herbicide Round Up was isolated from bacteria. An insecticidal toxin used as a crop spray was also extracted from bacteria. Genetically modified maize is been grown which expresses this type of proteins.One major difference between traditional plant breeding and plant biotechnology genetic engineering/ modification is that, while extensive restrictions are in place to limit the development and release of genetically modified varieties, those developed by sexual hybridization and mutagenesis are under no restrictions (Raven P. H et al 1992). A major aid surrounding the cultivation of genetically modified crops is the possibil ity of cross pollination between transgenic and related crops.While this is intelligibly possible for some species, but not all crop species have native wild relatives with which they are sexually compatible meaning that the possibility of the production of super weeds is not possible. Plants such as carrots are allowed only to flower for seed production meaning that cross-pollination during normal commercial cultivation is unlikely. In plant biotechnology plants can be grown in artificial medium requiring less polish mass to produce cock-a-hoop amounts of crops in less time. Although it seems like a great alternative to the foregoing methods, it can also be devastating.By growing plants at a faster rate there is a possibility of losing the essential vitamins and nutrients that are important for us. Transgenic plants are still a relatively new playing field and no concrete evidence for any of this existing but it is growing concern (Bajaj . Y 2001). Heldt . H and Heldt . F (200 5) says, the techniques of traditional breeding are very time-consuming. By making crosses, also a large number of undesired genes are introduced into the genome of the plant. The undesired genes have to be sorted out by back-crossing.Using plant biotechnology which involves the use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism it greatly facilitates/substitutes conventional plant breeding, because one can progress through a breeding program much faster, with smaller populations and without relying entirely on testing for the desired phenotype. RFLP makes use of restriction endonucleases enzymes which recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequence in DNA. The cut fragments are separated according to size by gel electrophoresis and made in sight by hybridizing the plant DNA fragments with labeled DNA probes.The closer two organisms are related, the more pattern of bands overlap. With conventional breeding, the pool of available genes and the traits they code for is limited due to sexu al incompatibility to other lines of the crop in question and to their wild relatives. This restriction can be overcome by using the methods of genetic engineering, which in principle allow introducing valuable traits coded for by specific genes of any organism (other plants, bacteria, fungi, animals, viruses) into the genome of any plant. According to Rost . T. I et al (1992), transgenes are inserted into the nuclear genome of a plant cell.Recently it has become possible to introduce genes into the genome of chloroplasts and plastids. Transgenic plants have been generated using methods such as agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer, direct DNA transfer, particle bombardment and electroporation. References 1. Bajaj . Y. (2001). Transgenic Crops. Berlin. Springer. 2. Heldt . H and Heldt . F. (2005). Plant Biochemistry. 3rd edition. California. Elsevier. 3. Kuckuck . H Kobabe G. and Wenzel G. (1991). Fundamentals of plant breeding. New York. Springer-Verlag. 4. Lawrence . W. (1968). Plan t breeding. London. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd. 5. Raven P.H, Evert . R. F and Eichron . S. E. (1992). Biology of Plants. 5th edition. New York. Van Hoffman Press Inc. 6. Rost . T. l. , Barbour . M. G. , Stocking . R. C. and Murphy . T. M. (2006). Plant Biology. 2nd edition. California. Thomson Brooks/Cole. CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF technology NAME Tanyaradzwa R Ngara REG NUMBER C1110934J COURSEPlant Biotechnology COURSE CODE CUBT 207 PROGRAMBSBIO assignment Define plant biotechnology. Using examples discuss how it is different from traditional / conventional methods plant breeding 25marks.

Diversity and Cross-Cultural Trends in psychology and Counseling Essay

Psychology has always been k at presentn to be the educated study just about compassionate fashion. For a long time at once, mental science though has been expanding its social impact to the people that it aims to serve. Primarily, it is now utilized to understand the ways by which people could be assisted with their personal issues and thus be able to face the diametric challenges of man living. (Myers, 2006, 17) With the turn of time, handling human issues are also now subjected to different twists and several improvements that subject psychological procedures into conforming to the different trends of human society.The said trends include the issues of respond to the idealisms of the Black Ameri discharges racial issues, feminists, and cross-cultural psychology approaches. Dealing with these different issues conscientiously actually define the modern butt against of psychology and counseling. (Myers, 2006, 19) How are the psychologists at present able to handle the said i ssues of human diversity to be strongly implicated within the existing system of traditional bring of counseling?The differentiation of twain the personal or human psychology and the different approaches used to explain social psychology could pass around a better view of how the said matter is implicated within the system. The concept of human challenge is generally concluded by the looking of the scientific facts to be significantly caused by the works of the fountainhead of all(prenominal) individual. This idea is generally expressed in the saying what the mind can perceive, the body can conceive. Thus, to empirically understand and explain the actions and personality of separately individual in the society, their mind and their idealism mustiness be critically explored finding the relevant relationship between for each(prenominal) one humanistic aspect of each individual. It is generally noted by the scientific research society that the very essence and personality of each individual resides intrinsically in their minds, which manifests as the source of their thoughts fueling their actions.Thus, for the very same reason that the theater of psychology in the empirical world becomes an important aspect in the course of rationality the mankind and the path of their development becomes it intrinsically addresses the main core of each individual and the other aspects revolving around it. In this field, two specific branches become much intriguing and relevant to the scientific societys solicitude namely the branch of scientific psychology and social psychology. Personal Human PsychologyPsychology primarily pertains to the empirical study of the intrinsic nature of each individual through considering relevant elements such his or her mental processes, demeanour, personal lore and identity and other human characteristics in relation to their actions and behaviors. The field of psychology firmly holds that every action of the individual has its ow n reason behind it causing the said demonstration and the said reason lies hidden in the mind of the involved person.In the study of the scientific psychology of the subject, aspects such as personal perception towards inward matters and outside factors, behavioral and personal motivation, and the learning process play a significant part in the psychological development of each individual manifested principally in the personality of the person. In addition, psychology also addressed the aspect of abnormal behavioral characteristics canvas its main causes and contributory factors thus, establishing a scientifically significant pattern for it.In application, psychology becomes an important aspect in every field of scientific studies involving society and human characteristics and in explaining the relevant relationship of the two. accessible Psychology Social Psychology mainly deals with the influential relationship between the social environment and its elements and the human bei ngs and their psychological aspect. This field mainly addresses the psychological field through the social structure and system in the society and how it significantly affects the mental processes of each individual.(Aronson, 2004, 18) This attitude generally perceive human beings as individuals or as a group as the main unit of analysis employing the common social behavior of interacting with other individuals as part of the social system developing their distinctive individuality and personality. In this concept, as each individual interact with other individuals, they develop their own identity with their own social perception and psychological personality.In the aspect of its application, this study is significantly relevant in profiling and understanding the psychological nature and personality of the subject by considering his or her social backgrounds and experiences while he or she interacts with others as part of the social system. (Aronson, 2004, 17) Thus, psychology indee d becomes an important aspect in the development of the society and the human civilization as a whole.This field of scientific study can be applied to every field addressing basic and critical human nature understanding and explaining the intrinsic behavioral pattern of each individual and the actions manifesting the said psychological elements. This field of study firmly holds that humankind cannot further advance without root understanding their very basic nature and characteristics as significant units in the generally concept of humanity. (Lesko, 2000, 17)Obviously, understanding human behavior both through the personal and social context of the matter subjects the process to the different issues that the human society is actually involved with. It is through these advancements in the society that understanding the issues of human behavior becomes more enlightened thus making the process of explaining human dispositions and relating them to the process by which people could be guided with their propositions in life is indeed effective and beneficial for all.References Myers, David G. Psychology. Worth Publishers 8th Edition. 2006. Aronson, E. & Wilson T. D. & Akert R. M. (2004). Social Psychology. scholar Hall, NY, USA. 5th Edition. Lesko, W. A. (2000). Readings in Social Psychology General, Classic and Contemporary Selections. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, USA. 5th Edition.